psycholinguistics of interactionist paradigm

CHAPTER I
BACKGROUND
Language is a form of communication. There are three most significant afactors that influence the language, namely the biological, cognitive and environmental. Biological factors is one of the foundations of language development to form a human being a human trait. Every human being has a language acquisition device (LAD), which is man's natural ability to speak. Early years of childhood is a critical period for language learning. Cognitive factors of individuals is one thing that is inherent in language development.
Humans have a biological heritage that have been taken since the birth of his ability to communicate with a particular human language and it has nothing to do with intelligence or thought. The ability to speak only a little correlation to human IQ. Language skills of normal children with children with disabilities. Language skills are very closely related to the parts of human anatomy and physiology, such as certain parts of the brain that underlie language and topography of the cortex are specialized for language. Language is universal first language acquisition is closely related to the gradual onset arising from the achievements of motor, social, and cognitive prelinguistic. View of natural language acquisition which is the view of the nativistis represented by Noam Chomsky, argue that language can only be mastered by man. Language behavior is something that is inherited. Essentially, the pattern of language development in various languages and cultures. Environment has only a minor role in language acquisition. Humans are equipped with so-called language acquisition device (LAD). View of language acquisition are fed is the view represented by BF behavioristis Skinnerdan considered as a complex language among other behaviors. The ability to speak and understand language acquired through environmental stimuli. Children only a passive recipient of environmental stress. Children do not have an active role in verbal behavior. Language development is determined by the length of training offered its environment. Children can master the language through imitation. Child's language learning experience through the principle of stimulus response coherence. A child's language development is that any progress until it reaches perfection. Cognitive view is represented by Jean Piaget and argues that language is not a natural feature of the separate but one among several capabilities derived from cognitive maturation. No major environmental impact on the intellectual development of children. What is important is the interaction of children with their environment. Expert opinions about learning the language is mixed. Among them there are conflicting opinions but some are mutually supportive and complementary. Thinking of experts on psycholinguistic theories are so varied and interesting. Therefore, we make one of the reasons the discussion in this paper.






CHAPTER II
MATERIALS

A.    Theoretical Background
1.    Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is a science That discuss the processes of acquisition and the use of language in terms of psychology (Nan Bernstein Ratner, et al.1998). Generally, three game points Psycholinguistics study (Clark &Clark, 1977; Tanenhaus, 1989):
a.    Comprehension is how the people understand spoken and written language. According That toClark &Clark Relating to the comprehension of speech That We hear, in this comprehension can be defined as a mental process in the which the listener perceives the sound made by a speaker and use the other sounds to form an interpretation about what the speaker had Referred to.
b.    Speech Production Produce language is how people, in this process the spoken word was chosen to be produced, have Formulated Their phonetic and finally articulated by the bike system in the vocal apparatus. Spontaneous speech production Such as when a person can create the words of the reaction, Such conversations when They read name of pictures or read aloud the written word, or the repetition of speech Such as vocal imitation.
c.    Acquisition is how people learn language in this process, Human Beings acquired the ability to understand and comprehend the language, as well as to Produce and use words to Communicate.
2.    Paradigm
Paradigm in the intellectual discipline is the perspective of one's self and the environment that will influence the thinking (cognitive), attitude (affective), and behave (conative). Paradigm can also mean a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices applied in looking reality in the same community, in particular, in an intellectual discipline.
The word paradigm comes from the Middle Ages in England which is the derived from the Latin word in 1483 , the paradigm means a model or pattern; paradeigma Greek (the deiknunai +) which means to "compare", "contiguous" (para) and show (deik).
3.    The Paradigm of  Psycholinguistics
Development of language acquisition theory in this century have been influenced by the development of psychology Omega (in Yulianto, 2007: 10-11). In psycholinguistics, there are two streams which contradicts the basic principle, namely behaviorism and cognitivism. The second stream is influence in language learning experts looked at how a young man learning the language.
About how people acquire or learn the language, Ellis (in Yulianto, 2007:10-11) expressed the view that there are three groups, namely (1) the views of behaviorism, (2) view of nativism, and (3) view of interactionism.
a)    Behaviorist
Behaviorism theory was introduced by John B. Watson (1878-1958) an American psychologist. This theory is a continuation of the classic Pavlovian theory of refraction in the form of new and more detailed and supported by new experiments with animals (especially rodents) and child (baby). This theory is the study of objects or things that can be observed directly, the stimulus (stimulus) and feed back (response); are things that happen in the brain not related to the study.
The followers regard language schools of behaviorism as a behavior, which can be obtained through operant procedures (Lynch & Brecker, 1972; Perozzi, 1972: Jeffery, 1973; Miller & Yoder, 1973; in Sellin (1979).
b)    Nativist
Chomsky is one of followers of nativism. According to him, language can only be controlled by humans, animals may not be able to master the human language. Chomsky's opinion is based on several assumptions. First, the language of behavior is something that is inherited (genetic), every language has the same pattern of development (is something that universal), and the neighborhood has a small role in the maturation process of the language. Second, the language can be mastered in a relatively short time. Third, the child's language environment can not provide sufficient data for the mastery of a complex grammar of adults.
According to this ideology, the language is complex and complicated that it is impossible to be mastered in a short time through the "imitation". Nativism also believe that every human being born already equipped with a means to acquire the language (language acquisition device, abbreviated LAD) therefore environmental factors including lack of educational factors influence the development of children.
c)    Interactionist
Interactionism theory is a combination of the two previous approaches of behaviorism and nativism that emphasizes a combination of internal and external factors in the process of language acquisition and learning. Interaksionist approach is the starting point of human cognitive abilities in finding the structure of language around it. Then the process of acquiring and learning is also influenced by the surrounding environment. That is true if there is a theory that the child's language skills have been there since birth (has existing LAD). It has been proved by the discoveries as was done by Howard Gardner. He said that since the birth of children have been equipped with a variety of intelligence. One of the intelligence in question is the language of intelligence. However, that can not be overlooked is also the environmental factors that affect the child's language skills. Many discoveries that have proved this.

B.    Interactionist Paradigm of Psycholinguistics
Interactionist assumes that language acquisition is the result of interaction between mental ability learners with language environment (Ellis, 1986: 126). The interaction between the two is the manifestation of the actual verbal interaction between the learners with others.
Interactionism approach by van Els (in Yulianto, 2007: 24) calls a procedural approach, where the approach is the interaction between internal factors with external factors are central. Internal factors, a child's mental abilities are very influential. However, environmental factors also play a role determining the kinds pemerolehannya, especially the lexicon. In addition, Yulianto (2001: 563) also agree to view Dardjowidjojo (2000: 304) which revealed that the natural and environmental factors influence the child's language acquisition. Explicitly this view in accordance with the views of interactionism (Ellis, 1986:129).
    The starting point of this approach is the cognitive abilities of children in discovering the structure of language in surrounding. Good understanding and language production in children is seen as a system of discovery procedures are constantly evolving and changing.
C.    Application of Interactionist Paradigm
    Both the human and social structure is conceptualized in a more complex, more unpredictable, and is active when compared to the sociological perspectives of conventional. On this side of society composed of individuals - individuals who interact are not just react, but also capture, interpret, act, and create. Individuals are not a bunch of properties, but is a dynamic and changing actor, who is always in the process of becoming and never fully completed form.
    Society is not something static "out there" that always influence and shape us, but in essence is a process of interaction. Individuals not only have a mind (mind), but also the self (self) is not a psychological entity, but an aspect of the social processes that emerge in the process of experience and social activities. In addition, the whole process of symbolic interaction, in which the meanings created by human reason.
    Thus, human interaction is mediated by the use of symbols, by interpretation, or determination the meaning of the other peoples’ actions. This mediation is equivalent to the involvement of the process of interpretation between stimulus and response in case of human behavior.
    All interactions between human individuals involves an exchange of symbols. When we interact with others, we are constantly looking for "clues" about the type of behavior is appropriate in that context and on how to interpret what is meant by others.Symbolic interactionism directs our attention to the interactions between individuals, and how this can be used to understand what others say and do to us as individuals.
Symbolic interactionism approach gives much emphasis on the individual active and creative than other theoretical approaches. Symbolic interactionism approach evolved from a concern with language towards; but Mead develop it in different directions and is quite unique. Symbolic interactionism approach assumes that everything is virtual.As an example application of this understanding is the human ability to create a forum of social interaction; organizations and the creation of verbal art.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
According to interactionist paradigm, language acquisition ocurred by the relationship or interactionsbetween mental ability learners with language environment. This is evident from the observation Yulianto (1994) that environmental factors also proved to be very influential language. Therefore, both internal and external factors interact to influence the language acquisition learners.in the process of learning a language can be viewed from a variety of theories, all of them are reasonable. The most important for the learner by these theories can help the difficulties for people who are learning the language so that  they can maximize their abilities as expected.